Distribution substation protection needs above a minimum protection needed to avoid injury to people and damage to equipment, the level of protection of a substation is determined by how critical the loss of power is to the load. For the protection of substation and its components from the over currents or over load due to short circuit or any. Current to be measured is passes through primary winding. The loss of electrical power to a hospital is very serious while the loss of power to a residence is inconvenient. Often the most desirable arrangement has the main buses at higher elevations than the buses and equipment in the substation bays. Pge is a proven leader of fullservice substation construction and engineering concept design, economic.
Switchgear protection plays a vital role in modern power system network, right from generation through transmission to distribution end. Evaluation of rolling sphere method using leader potential concept. Setting procedures are only discussed in a general nature in the material to follow. Arrangement of switching devices and busbars in switchyard. The differential relay is used to provide internal fault protection to equipment such as transformers, generators, and buses. If the reprint or republication includes ed material, the credit should also state.
Substations are congregation of electrical equipment through which consumers get supply of electrical power from generating stations. Fundamentals of electrical substations and switchgear. Switchyard means collection of equipment where high voltage electricity is switched using of various components. In this way, the main buses will not block the removal of equipment located in the substation interior.
The current interruption devices are called circuit breaker. Both automatic and manual control can be performed locally at the equipment. Through the faulttree analysis, one may understand the reliability of the. Earthing guide for surge protection 1 earthing for surge protection of electronic equipment 1. To provide the path for discharging the earth currents from neutrals, faults, surge arresters, overheads shielding wires etc. Study of substation equipment and protection seminar report. Power factor compensation equipment static var compensators harmonic filters equipment design and selection of ratings layout of these equipment in ahaving an switchyard protection design for substation brief overview of protection over current protection protection coordination protection of transformers. The economics of generation of electrical energy and the huge demands of power in the modern times require creation bigger power plant. The equipment like bus bars, isolator, power transformer etc. This collection includes items used in the operation of relays and relaying systems in the transmission, generation, distribution and utilization of electrical energy and their effect on system operation and focus the application, design, construction and operation of protective, regulating, monitoring, reclosing, synchcheck, synchronizing and. Nevertheless, the protection schemes were complicated, expensive, and became more so with the addition of more elements on the bus, bus sectionalizing breakers and substation bus tie breakers. Distribution substations michigan technological university. Arguably, one of the most important piece of equipment in any substation is a power transformer.
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or low to high using transformers. Most utility companies are currently larger and more dynamic but employee far less people. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Under abnormal conditions, switchgear equipment automatically disconnects faulted equipment from the rest of the power system as soon as possible, in order to minimize damage. Reliability of substation configurations daniel nack, iowa state university, 2005 introduction while one of the strongest points in a power system is the electric substation, it still contains what could be described as weak points or points of failure that would lead to loss of load. Switchgear equipment disconnects and isolates a piece of equipment so maintenance work can be performed. Sep 16, 2012 to provide an earth mat for connecting neutral points, equipment body, support structures to earth. Electrical faults l phase to phase l phase to ground l phase to phase to phase l phase to phase to phase to ground. Increased reliability through surge protection and limiting fault currents due to the unique system characteristics, operating range, and functions desired in a particular substation, a variety of components, devices, and equipment have been developed by vendors with various ratings. Contents abstract switchyard definition switchyard equipment relays protection schemes of relays switchyard emergencies plan of actions of switchyard. An analysis was performed to evaluate the voltage transferred to control circuits located in underground conduits running from the switchyard to the generating plant. Guidelines for power plant equipments to attract wider participation by equipment suppliers. Chapter8 switchyard equipment hv bus bars, switchyard. Switchyards generally have breakers, isolators, cts,pts, bus bars, protection and control equipments, transformers,grounding wires and switches.
The substation design manual is not intended to replace asset management standards, but rather to act as a reference document that crossreferences existing standards and process documentation and plugs any gaps where asset management documentation does not exist. Home technical articles 7 design diagrams that hv substation engineer. Distribution substations may also be the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits several kmmiles, voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line. Plcc applications in protection and communication plcc hardware and integrating them with the switchyard equipment switchyard control and interlocking dc power requirements for switchyard equipment dc equipment configuration and specifications dc distribution for switchyard equipment battery calculations basis. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Technical specification for design, supply, installation. The fill for embankment ranges up to 27 feet in depth and the cut for excavation ranges up to 24 feet in depth. The ergon energy design philosophy is to provide substations. Personal protective grounding for electric power facilities. Sample smart ground report lightning protection by. Personal protective equipment ppe general the purpose of personal protective equipment ppe is to protect employees from exposure to work place hazards and the risk of injury. Civil, electrical and protection and control engineering control building and panel assembly. The nec also covers minimum requirements for special occupan cies including hazardous locations and special use type facilities such as healthcare facilities, places of.
Ltd defination a switchyard is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. L minimizes the amount of equipment removed from service in event of a failure l failure determination. Switchyard level, equipment and interfaces substation. Purpose of protection system l minimize damage l leave unaffected equipment inservice l maintain equipment operating limits l maintain electrical system stability. Protective relaying philosophy and design guidelines. Switchyard 2pdf transformer electrical equipment scribd.
The switchyard auxiliary power system is designed with adequate equipment, standby power, and protection to provide maximum continuity of service for operation of the essential switchyard equipment during both normal and. Anyone wishing to make further use of ed material, by itself and apart from this text, should seek necessary permission directly from the proprietors. Fire protection systems designed specifically to address the unique hazards posed by power transformers are a design consideration that must be recognized and understood. Insulators are used in substations for avoiding contact with humans or. Study of substation equipment and protection seminar report pdf ppt download these may be hydro, thermal, atomic etc. When a fault occurs within the boundary of a particular zone, then the protection system responsible for the protection of the zone acts to isolate by tripping the circuit breakers every equipment within that zone from the rest of the system. Protection of substation electrical substation fuse. Learning objectives power transformer protection and control strategies power switching equipment and structures switchyard and switchgear typical execution elements remote connectivity and networks for transmission lines scada solutions and principles. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. When a large fault current flows through the circuit breaker, this is detected through the use of current transformers. Our substation, project management and engineering teams complete custom designed projects within budget and on schedule for various clients. Transformer protection application guide this guide focuses primarily on application of protective relays for the protection of power transformers, with an emphasis on the most prevalent protection schemes and transformers. Our goal is to convey practical job skills and career development for our clients and students by saving lives through a worldclass learning experience. The two types of equipment are interconnected in one physical locationthe primary equipment located in the substation switchyard, and the secondary equipment located in a control house.
This chapter covers substation automation system sas related details of substation components installed in the switchyard. Listed are electrical substation equipment like transformers, busbar, isolator, capacitor bank, switchyard etc joined together to deliver power supply to consumers. Consequently, it is important to consider equipment removal routes during the structure layout. Pgcil, bhatapara, chhattisgarh 400220kv substation with.
Electrical substation equipment for transferring of electrical power from generating unit to distributing units various types of electrical equipment are required. Secondary equipment like protection relays and terminal units, typically placed away from the switchyard inside panels of a control room, protect, control and monitor the primary equipment. Types of switchyard there are two types of switchyards from insulation. Switchyard protection manual electrical substation. Switchyard equipment and structure be designed to safely withstand earthquake acceleration. An electrical substation is the component of a power system with which voltages are transformed for the transmission, distribution, transformation and switching of power. Before using or assigning ppe, steps should always be taken to eliminate or control hazards and work procedures should be in place to limit exposure to these hazards.
For safety of personnel and for enabling earth fault protection. Occupational safety and health administration osha 315112r. Study of substation equipment and protection seminar report pdf ppt download abstract. Protective relaying philosophy and design guidelines pjm. Nevertheless, the protection schemes were complicated, expensive, and became more so with the.
Study of substation equipment and protection seminar. A type of switch use to open or close a circuit to route power through a switchyard, or to protect substations or switchyard equipment. Mesh scheme line or transformer circuit disconnect switches may then be used to isolate the particular circuit and the mesh reclosed. Centralized substation protection and control ieee psrc. Substations generally contains transformers and have switching, protection and control equipment. Oilfilled power transformers also pose the largest fire risk in any substation. We can present this substation training to your electrical engineering and maintenance staff, through our live online training platform, tailored to your specific equipment and requirements. Bureau of reclamation infrastructure services division hydroelectric research and technical services group denver, colorado 5f. To accomplish the design objectives, four criteria for protection should be considered. Army, usa, technical manual tm 58116, electric power plant design.
Evaluation of rolling sphere method using leader potential. Introduction substation protection system power system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the protection of electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulty parts. Reliability assessment of protection system for switchyard. This electrical substation and switchyard design course focus on elementary safety standards and practices in substations and switchyard design. Operation of two circuit breakers is required to connect or disconnect a circuit and disconnection involves opening the mesh. The circuit breakers can be operated manually as when required and it can also be operated autometically during over current and short circuit or any other faults in the system by sensing the. Different equipments in a switchyard bus bars, insulators, circuit breaker.
This substation scada monitoring course will deal with all of these important issues. A circuit breaker is used as a protection device to interrupt fault currents automatically, and may be used to switch loads on and off, or to cut off a line when power is flowing in the wrong direction. Switchyard overview equipment earthing and system earthing equipment earthing purely for the protection of the user in this case the exposed, noncurrent carrying metal parts of a piece of electrical equipment, say a tablelamp, is connected electrically to earth or ground if. The switchyard is located approximately 850 feet southwest of the right abutment of the dam, and approximately 170 feet higher than the top of the dam. In principle, wherever a cable enters an equipotential zone, equipment connected to that cable is exposed to possibly damaging surges.
Click on the link below to request a free quotation. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. The purpose of this paper is assessing the reliability of the protection system for a switchyard by faulttree analysis. Protective relaying philosophy and design guidelines pjm relay subcommittee july 12, 2018.
Sas responsibilities include the protection of primary and secondary equipment from temporary over. However, the pro tection provided depends crucially on the quality of the installation. These are having a function of protecting equipment of substation. Circuit breakers disconnect circuits or equipment from the. Scada and protection and control upgrades ge offers a suite of services, system hardware and high voltage hv switchyard equipment and can tailor the scope based on the customers requirements. Commissioning process for new substation equipmenthayes. Complicated distribution substations can be found in the downtown areas of large cities. Earthing guide for surge protection mtl instruments. Different switching schemes can be selected as emphasis is shifted between the factors of security, economy, extendibility, maintainability, operational flexibility, protection arrangement, short circuit limitations, land area, safety and simplicity dictated by function and importance of the substation. The voltage transferred to control circuits during faults and other transients is caused by a. Personal protective grounding for electric power facilities and power lines 5c. Above a minimum protection needed to avoid injury to people and damage to equipment, the level of protection of a substation is determined by how critical the. Provides equipment protection for transformers, lines, cables, and capacitor banks used to energize and deenergize capacitor banks and other circuits.
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